Software is a general term for the various kinds of programs used to operate computers and related devices. (The term hardware describes the physical aspects of computers and related devices.)
Software can be thought of as the variable part of a
computer and hardware the invariable part. Software is often divided into application software (programs that do work users are directly interested in) and system software (which includes operating systems and any program that
supports application software). The term middleware is sometimes used to describe programming that mediates between
application and system software or between two different kinds of application
software (for example, sending a remote work request from an application in a
computer that has one kind of operating system to an application in a computer
with a different operating system).
An additional and difficult-to-classify category of
software is the utility, which is a small useful program with limited
capability. Some utilities come with operating systems. Like applications,
utilities tend to be separately installable and capable of being used
independently from the rest of the operating system.
Applets are small applications that
sometimes come with the operating system as "accessories." They can
also be created independently using the Java or other programming languages.
Software can be purchased or acquired as shareware (usually intended for sale after a trial period), liteware (shareware with some capabilities disabled), freeware (free software but with copyright restrictions), public domain software (free with no restrictions), and open source(software where the source code is furnished and users agree not to limit the distribution of
improvements).
Software is often packaged on CD-ROMs and diskettes. Today, much purchased software, shareware, and freeware is downloaded
over the Internet. A new trend is software that is made available for use at
another site known as an application service provider.
Some general kinds of application software include:
·
Productivity software,
which includes word processors, spreadsheets, and tools for use by most
computer users
·
Presentation software
·
Graphics software for
graphic designers
·
CAD/CAM software
·
Specialized scientific
applications
·
Vertical market or industry-specific software (for example, for banking, insurance,
retail, and manufacturing environments)
Firmware or microcode is programming that is loaded into a special area on a microprocessor or read-only memory on a one-time or infrequent basis so that thereafter it seems to be part
of the hardware.
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